lithics, fire, metals, writing, concrete, gunpowder, printing, steam engine, power loom, locomotive, steel converter,
telegraph, dynamo, electric motor, lightbulb, telephone, internal combustion engine, airplane, immunization, television, antibiotics, A-bomb, transistor and IC, software
On/off switches:
Electronics: use of electricity to convey, store, process information.
Needed "Martians' Martian" von Neumann to conceive stored-program architecture.
the chip that kept the world in awe is now running a toaster or the airbag.
Okinawa Cellular Cable au Nago - Kagoshima 760km 4/2020 Miyazaki-Okinawa Cable (MOC) KDDI 1997 Japan Information Highway (JIH) to Miyazaki etc. KDDI 5150 km 1999 Guam Okinawa Kyushu Incheon? (GOKI) AT&T 4244km 12/2013 KitaKyushu-Okinawa-Tumon Asia Submarine-Cable Express (ASE)/Cahaya Malaysia NTT etc. 8148km 2012 Japan,HK,PI,Malaysia,Singapore SeaMeWe-3 Europe,Med.,etc, ROK,Shanghai (not Japan) 39,000 km
Stuxnet: muck with the centrifuges and reverse-gaslight the operators
99% of computers are embedded:
no chips, no cars. Chip "shortage" was a lack of supply due to greater demand.
Daily computers:
Global computing uses more energy than aviation. Its electricity use is twice that of Japan.
the prime mover of modernity:
Microprocessors (CPUs), memory, DSP. Microcontrollers.
Highest marginal impact of any economic input ever.
Most expensive factories:
Phoenix: $40B TSMC investments. Intel another $20B. ROC insurance.
Gutenberg's heir:
Laser fires at 30 um tin droplets explode at 400,000° becoming plasma that emit EUV (13.5nm).
Flattest mirrors focus the resulting EUV onto chip.
Etches the 99.9999999% pure silicon crystal, "doped" with .0000001% other.
Leading-edge chips in smart phones, PCs, data center servers.
CHIPS Act to encourage domestic semiconductors. Export controls to slow PRC, so USA maintains quality lead (but quantity has a quality of its own). PRC: chip imports > oil imports.
Feature size:
A | B | A AND B |
---|---|---|
F | F | F |
F | T | F |
T | F | F |
T | T | T |
A | B | A AND B |
---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0 |
0 | 1 | 0 |
1 | 0 | 0 |
1 | 1 | 1 |
Computation = Calculation (arithmetic & logical) + Decisions + I/O + energy
Software: the ghost in the machine. Deus ex machina.
Program as a machine that processes data.
Language | Use |
---|---|
C, C++, C# | general-purpose, OS, apps |
Javascript | webpage interactivity |
Python | ML, data science, general-purpose |
Java | website backend server |
SQL | database |
Fortran | scientific & engineering |
PHP | webpage server-side interaction |
Javascript example program: atm withdrawal
have links to template and tutorial