protocol UTP twisted pair Cat 5 etc crosstalk resistance attenuation interference EMI RJ-45 connector patch cable horizontal cabling bulk cable plenum patch panel STP coaxial cable optical fiber topology half duplex full duplex switch MAC address table microsegmentation MAC address table router routing table routing protocols default gateway nearside/farside hub CSMA/CD collision NIC / NIA LAN collision domain broadcast domain internetwork PDU encapsulation packet datagram segment fragment frame type field protocol field TTL field checksum forwards floods broadcast unicast bit byte octet Ethernet 802.3 100Base-TX 10Base-T 1000Base-T bandwidth ipconfig ping arp tracert netstat telnet ftp TCP/IP protocol stack TCP well-known ports listener/ing services file connection-oriented acknowledgement reliable ephemeral port PID UDP connectionless IP ICMP Ping Echo request Echo reply ARP DHCP lease DNS name resolution/lookup/query Telnet FTP HTTP headers SMTP SSH RIP IP address class IP network address IP broadcast address subnet mask logical address physical address MAC address OUI unregistered address localhost loopback address 127.0.0.1 APIPA 169.154.*.* host end system intermediate system server client baseband broadband OSI model OSI model 7 layers peers Physical Data Link Network Transport Application HTML URL Packet Tracer Apache Wireshark network protocol analyzer NMAP port scanner show running-config show ip route show mac-address-table dynamic show ip iterfaces brief